Mengapa banyak orang berkumpul di lokasi terjadinya pencurahan Roh

[2:1]  1  Full Life : PENTAKOSTA.

Nas : Kis 2:1

Hari Pentakosta merupakan hari raya terbesar yang kedua dalam tarikh Yahudi. Peristiwa ini merupakan perayaan penuaian setelah panen gandum ketika hulu hasil dipersembahkan kepada Allah (lih. Im 23:17). Demikianlah hari Pentakosta bagi gereja melambangkan awal penuaian jiwa-jiwa oleh Allah dalam dunia.

[2:2]  2  Full Life : TIUPAN ANGIN KERAS ... DAN ... LIDAH-LIDAH SEPERTI NYALA API.

Nas : Kis 2:2-3

Penyataan-penyataan lahiriah ini mempertunjukkan bahwa Allah hadir dan bertindak dengan suatu cara yang luar biasa (bd. Kel 3:1-6; 1Raj 18:38-39). "Api" mungkin sekali melambangkan penyucian dan pemisahan orang-orang percaya kepada Allah bagi pekerjaan memuliakan Kristus (Yoh 16:13-14) dan bersaksi bagi Dia (Kis 1:8). Kedua penyataan ini mendahului baptisan dalam Roh dan tidak diulang lagi di Kisah Para Rasul.

[2:4]  3  Full Life : PENUHLAH MEREKA DENGAN ROH KUDUS.

Nas : Kis 2:4

Apakah makna dari kepenuhan dengan Roh pada hari Pentakosta?

1. 1) Itu berarti dimulainya penggenapan janji Allah dalam Yoel 2:28-29 untuk mencurahkan Roh-Nya atas semua manusia pada hari-hari terakhir (bd. Kis 1:4-5; Mat 3:11; Luk 24:49; Yoh 1:33;

   lihat cat. --> Yoel 2:28-29).

   [atau ref. Yoel 2:28-29]

2. 2) Karena hari-hari terakhir dari zaman akhir ini telah mulai (ayat Kis 2:17; bd. Ibr 1:2; 1Pet 1:20) semua orang diperhadapkan dengan tantangan untuk menerima atau menolak Kristus, (Kis 3:19; Mat 3:2; Luk 13:3;

   lihat cat. --> Kis 2:17).

   [atau ref. Kis 2:17]

3. 3) Para murid "diperlengkapi dengan kekuasaan dari tempat tinggi" (Luk 24:49; bd. Kis 1:8), yang menyanggupkan mereka bersaksi untuk Kristus, menginsafkan orang akan dosa, kebenaran dan penghakiman Allah sehingga mereka berbalik dari dosa kepada keselamataan dalam Kristus (bd. Kis 4:13,33; 6:8; Rom 15:19;

   lihat cat. --> Kis 1:8;

   lihat cat. --> Yoh 16:8).

   [atau ref. Kis 1:8; Yoh 16:8]

4. 4) Roh Kudus menyatakan sifat-Nya sebagai Roh yang rindu dan berusaha demi penyelamatan orang dari setiap bangsa. Mereka yang menerima baptisan dalam Roh dipenuhi dengan kerinduan yang sama demi penyelamatan umat manusia (ayat Kis 2:38-40; 4:12,33; Rom 9:1-3; 10:1). Jadi, hari Pentakosta merupakan awal dari penginjilan dunia (ayat Kis 2:6-11,39; Kis 1:8).
5. 5) Para rasul menjadi pelayan Roh. Mereka bukan hanya memberitakan Yesus yang disalibkan dan dibangkitkan, menuntun orang lain kepada pertobatan dan iman kepada Kristus, tetapi mereka juga mempengaruhi orang-orang bertobat untuk menerima "karunia-karunia Roh Kudus" (ayat Kis 2:38-39) yang sudah mereka terima pada hari Pentakosta. Hal menuntun orang lain untuk menerima baptisan Roh Kudus adalah kunci karya rasuli dalam PB (lih. Kis 8:17; 9:17-18; 10:44-46; 19:6).
6. 6) Lewat baptisan dalam Roh ini para pengikut Kristus menjadi orang-orang yang melanjutkan karya Kristus dalam dunia ini. Dalam kuasa Roh Kudus, mereka terus melakukan dan mengajarkan hal-hal yang sama "yang dikerjakan dan diajarkan Yesus" (Kis 1:1;

   lihat cat. --> Yoh 14:12;

   [atau ref. Yoh 14:12]

   lihat art. TANDA-TANDA ORANG PERCAYA).

[2:4]  4  Full Life : MULAI BERKATA-KATA DALAM BAHASA-BAHASA LAIN.

Nas : Kis 2:4

Untuk pembahasan tentang berbahasa roh pada hari Pentakosta dan dalam gereja, serta kemungkinan adanya bahasa roh palsu,

lihat art. BERKATA-KATA DENGAN BAHASA ROH.

[2:13]  5  Full Life : ANGGUR MANIS.

Nas : Kis 2:13

(Yun. _gleukos_) Pada umumnya yang dimaksudkan adalah sari buah anggur yang tidak difermentasi. Mereka yang mengejek murid-murid Yesus mungkin menggunakan istilah ini dan bukan kata PB yang lebih umum untuk anggur (oinos) karena mereka percaya bahwa murid-murid Yesus hanya menggunakan jenis anggur semacam ini. Dalam hal ini, ejekan mereka diucapkan dengan nada sarkastis.

[2:14]  6  Full Life : KHOTBAH PETRUS PADA HARI PENTAKOSTA.

Nas : Kis 2:14-40

Khotbah Petrus ketika itu, bersama dengan khotbahnya dalam Kis 3:11-26, berisi pola untuk pemberitaan Injil.

1. 1) Yesus adalah Tuhan dan Kristus -- tersalib, bangkit, dan dimuliakan (ayat Kis 2:22-36; 3:13-15).
2. 2) Kini di sebelah kanan Allah Bapa, Ia menerima kuasa untuk mencurahkan Roh Kudus atas semua orang percaya (ayat Kis 2:16-18,32-33; 3:19)
3. 3) Setiap orang harus beriman kepada Yesus sebagai Tuhan, bertobat dari dosa serta dibaptiskan dalam hubungan dengan pengampunan dosa (ayat Kis 2:36-38; 3:19).
4. 4) Orang percaya harus menantikan karunia atau baptisan dalam Roh Kudus yang dijanjikan setelah ia beriman dan bertobat (ayat Kis 2:38-39).
5. 5) Mereka yang mendengar dengan iman harus memisahkan diri dari dunia dan diselamatkan dari angkatan yang jahat ini (ayat Kis 2:40; 3:26).
6. 6) Yesus Kristus akan kembali untuk memulihkan Kerajaan Allah (Kis 3:20-21).

[2:16]  7  Full Life : DIFIRMANKAN ALLAH DENGAN PERANTARAAN NABI YOEL.

Nas : Kis 2:16

Baptisan dalam Roh serta perwujudan-perwujudan rohani yang mengikutinya merupakan penggenapan dari Yoel 2:28-29. Yoel pada abad ke-8 SM menubuatkan adanya suatu pencurahan Roh Kudus yang besar atas umat Allah.

[2:17]  8  Full Life : HARI-HARI TERAKHIR.

Nas : Kis 2:17

1. 1) Dalam PL istilah ini dianggap saat ketika Tuhan akan bertindak dengan cara yang luar biasa untuk menghakimi kejahatan dan membawa keselamatan kepada umat-Nya (bd. pasal Yes 2:2-21; 3:18-4:6; Yes 10:20-23; Hos 1:1-2:23; Yoel 1:1-3:21; Am 8:9-11; 9:9-12).
2. 2) PB menyingkapkan bahwa "hari-hari terakhir" diawali dengan kedatangan Kristus yang pertama serta pencurahan pertama Roh Kudus atas umat Allah, dan berakhir dengan kedatangan-Nya yang kedua (Mr 1:15; Luk 4:18-21; Ibr 1:1-2). Saat yang khusus ini digambarkan sebagai zaman penghakiman terhadap kejahatan, kuasa atas setan-setan, keselamatan bagi manusia, dan kehadiran kerajaan Allah.
1. (a) "Hari-hari terakhir" ini akan berlangsung dengan kuasa Roh Kudus (Mat 12:28).
2. (b) "Hari-hari terakhir" menyangkut serbuan kuasa Allah lewat Kristus ke dalam alam kekuasaan Iblis dan dosa. Namun peperangan ini baru saja dimulai; itu belum berakhir karena kejahatan dan kegiatan Iblis masih sangat berkuasa (Ef 6:10-18). Hanya kedatangan Kristus yang kedua akan mengakhiri aktivitas kekuatan jahat dan menyelesaikan "hari-hari terakhir" (bd. 1Pet 1:3-5; Wahy 19:1-21).
3. (c) "Hari-hari terakhir" merupakan saat kesaksian yang memanggil setiap orang untuk bertobat, percaya kepada Kristus dan mengalami pencurahan Roh Kudus (Kis 1:8; 2:4,38-40; Yoel 2:28-32). Kita harus menyampaikan karya keselamatan Kristus melalui kuasa Roh Kudus sementara kita menantikan hari akhir murka Allah (Rom 2:5), yaitu, "hari yang besar dan mulia itu" (Kis 2:20). Kita harus hidup dengan siaga dan waspada setiap hari, sementara menantikan hari penebusan dan kedatangan Kristus untuk umat-Nya (Yoh 14:3; 1Tes 4:15-17).
4. (d) "Hari-hari terakhir" meresmikan kerajaan Allah yang kini datang dengan seluruh kuasa

   (lihat cat. --> Luk 11:20;

   [atau ref. Luk 11:20]

   lihat art. KERAJAAN ALLAH).

   Kita harus mengalami kepenuhan kuasa itu waktu kita menghadapi peperangan rohani (2Kor 10:3-5; Ef 6:11-12) dan penganiayaan oleh karena kebenaran (Mat 5:10-12; 1Pet 1:6-7).

[2:17]  9  Full Life : ANAK-ANAKMU LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN AKAN BERNUBUAT.

Nas : Kis 2:17

Petrus menghubungkan berkata-kata dalam bahasa-bahasa lain itu (ayat Kis 2:4,11) dengan nubuat (ayat Kis 2:17-18). Dengan demikian, berkata-kata dalam bahasa lain dianggap salah satu bentuk bernubuat. Arti sesungguhnya dari bernubuat adalah memakai suara seorang di bawah tuntunan langsung Roh Kudus untuk kemuliaan dan pelayanan Allah. Dalam kitab ini:

1. (1) seratus dua puluh orang itu "penuhlah -- dengan Roh Kudus, lalu mereka mulai berkata-kata dalam bahasa-bahasa lain seperti yang diberikan oleh Roh itu kepada mereka untuk mengatakannya" (Kis 2:4);
2. (2) Roh Kudus turun pada Kornelius dan rumah tangganya, dan Petrus "mendengar orang-orang itu berkata-kata dalam bahasa roh dan memuliakan Allah" (Kis 10:44-47); dan
3. (3) murid-murid di Efesus, ketika "turunlah Roh Kudus ke atas mereka ... berkata-kata dalam bahasa roh dan bernubuat" (Kis 19:6).

[2:18]  10  Full Life : HAMBA-HAMBA-KU LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN.

Nas : Kis 2:18

Menurut nubuat Yoel, sebagaimana diterapkan Petrus, baptisan dalam Roh Kudus adalah untuk mereka yang sudah menjadi anggota kerajaan Allah - yaitu orang-orang percaya, hamba-hamba Allah, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, yang sudah diselamatkan dan dilahirkan baru sehingga menjadi milik Allah.

[2:18]  11  Full Life : PADA HARI-HARI ITU.

Nas : Kis 2:18

Petrus, yang mengutip Yoel, mengatakan bahwa Allah akan mencurahkan Roh Kudus-Nya pada hari-hari itu. Ini berarti bahwa pencurahan Roh Kudus dan tanda-tanda adikodrati yang menyertainya tidak dapat dibatasi hanya pada hari Pentakosta. Kuasa dan berkat-berkat Roh Kudus adalah bagi setiap orang Kristen untuk diperoleh dan dialami sepanjang zaman gereja, yaitu seluruh waktu di antara kedatangan Kristus yang pertama dan kedua (pasal Wahy 19:1-20:15;

lihat cat. --> Kis 2:39).

[atau ref. Kis 2:39]

[2:33]  12  Full Life : TANGAN KANAN ALLAH.

Nas : Kis 2:33

Pencurahan Roh Kudus oleh Yesus menunjukkan bahwa Dia sungguh-sungguh adalah Mesias yang dimuliakan, yang kini duduk di sebelah kanan Allah dan mendoakan wakil-wakil-Nya di bumi (Ibr 7:25).

1. 1) Sejak baptisan Yesus hingga hari Pentakosta, Roh Kudus tinggal di atas-Nya sebagai Kristus (yaitu, Dia yang diurapi oleh Roh Kudus; bd. Luk 3:21-22; 4:1,14,18-19). Kini Ia hidup di sebelah kanan Allah Bapa untuk mencurahkan Roh yang sama atas mereka yang percaya kepada-Nya

   (lihat art. YESUS DAN ROH KUDUS).

2. 2) Dengan mencurahkan Roh Kudus, Yesus bermaksud agar Roh Kudus menyampaikan kehadiran-Nya kepada orang percaya dan memberi kuasa kepada mereka untuk melangsungkan segala yang dilakukan-Nya sementara ada di dunia.

[2:38]  13  Full Life : BERTOBATLAH DAN ... MEMBERI DIRIMU DIBAPTIS.

Nas : Kis 2:38

Pertobatan, pengampunan dosa, dan baptisan merupakan syarat-syarat mula-mula untuk menerima karunia Roh Kudus. Akan tetapi, tuntutan Petrus bahwa para pendengarnya harus dibaptiskan dahulu di dalam air sebelum menerima janji Roh Kudus (bd. Kis 1:4,8) jangan dipandang sebagai syarat mutlak untuk kepenuhan Roh, demikian pula baptisan dalam Roh bukan akibat langsung dari baptisan dalam air.

1. 1) Dalam situasi ini, Petrus menuntut baptisan air sebelum menerima janji itu karena dalam pemikiran para pendengar Yahudi, upacara baptisan dianggap sebagai termasuk dalam keputusan pertobatan. Akan tetapi, baptisan air tidak mendahului baptisan Roh dalam peristiwa yang dicatat dalam Kis 9:17-18 (rasul Paulus) dan Kis 10:44-48 (keluarga Kornelius).
2. 2) Setiap orang percaya setelah bertobat karena dosanya dan dengan iman menerima Yesus Kristus, harus "menerima" (bd. Gal 3:14) secara pribadi baptisan Roh Kudus. Di dalam kitab Kisah Para Rasul karunia Roh Kudus jelas didambakan, dicari, dan diterima untuk diri sendiri (Kis 1:4,14; 4:31; 8:14-17; 19:2-6); satu-satunya perkecualian diterima PB mungkin terdapat dalam kasus Kornelius (Kis 10:44-48). Oleh karena itu, baptisan dalam Roh jangan dianggap sebagai karunia yang diberikan secara otomatis kepada seseorang yang percaya kepada Kristus.

[2:39]  14  Full Life : BAGI KAMULAH ... DAN BAGI ANAK-ANAKMU DAN ... YANG MASIH JAUH.

Nas : Kis 2:39

Janji baptisan dalam Roh bukan saja bagi mereka yang ada pada hari Pentakosta (ayat Kis 2:4), tetapi bagi semua orang yang akan percaya kepada Kristus sepanjang zaman ini: "bagi kamu" -- yaitu pendengar Petrus; "anak-anakmu" -- generasi berikutnya, dan "bagi orang yang masih jauh" -- generasi-generasi berikutnya.

1. 1) Baptisan dalam Roh dengan kuasa yang menyertainya bukanlah suatu peristiwa yang hanya terjadi sekali saja dalam sejarah gereja; peristiwa itu tidak berhenti pada hari Pentakosta (bd. ayat Kis 2:38; 8:15; Kis 9:17; 10:44-46; 19:6) Tidak juga pada akhir zaman rasuli.
2. 2) Setiap orang Kristen berhak untuk mencari, mengharapkan, dan mengalami baptisan dalam Roh yang sama yang diberikan kepada orang Kristen PB (Kis 1:4,8; Yoel 2:28; Mat 3:11; Luk 24:49).

[2:40]  15  Full Life : ANGKATAN YANG JAHAT INI.

Nas : Kis 2:40

Tidak ada seorang pun yang dapat diselamatkan tanpa berbalik dari kecemaran masyarakat masa kini (bd. Luk 9:41; 11:29; 17:25; Fili 2:15). Orang Kristen baru harus diajarkan untuk memutuskan semua persekutuan jahat, meninggalkan dunia yang fasik ini, serta bersatu dengan Kristus dan umat-Nya dan memberi diri kepada pekerjaan Allah (2Kor 6:14,17).

[2:42]  16  Full Life : PENGAJARAN RASUL-RASUL ... PERSEKUTUAN ... MEMECAHKAN ROTI DAN BERDOA.

Nas : Kis 2:42

Lihat cat. --> Kis 12:5

[atau ref. Kis 12:5]

mengenai enam belas ciri dari gereja PB.

Page 2

[2:1]  1 tn Grk “And” Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic. Greek style often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” but English style does not.

[2:2]  2 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated for stylistic reasons. It occurs as part of the formula καὶ ἐγένετο (kai egeneto) which is often left untranslated in Luke-Acts because it is redundant in contemporary English. Here it is possible (and indeed necessary) to translate ἐγένετο as “came” so that the initial clause of the English translation contains a verb; nevertheless the translation of the conjunction καί is not necessary.

[2:2]  3 tn Or “a noise.”

[2:2]  4 tn While φέρω (ferw) generally refers to movement from one place to another with the possible implication of causing the movement of other objects, in Acts 2:2 φέρομαι (feromai) should probably be understood in a more idiomatic sense of “blowing” since it is combined with the noun for wind (πνοή, pnoh).

[2:2]  5 tn Or “from the sky.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) may be translated “sky” or “heaven” depending on the context.

[2:3]  6 tn Or “And divided tongues as of fire.” The precise meaning of διαμερίζομαι (diamerizomai) in Acts 2:3 is difficult to determine. The meaning could be “tongues as of fire dividing up one to each person,” but it is also possible that the individual tongues of fire were divided (“And divided tongues as of fire appeared”). The translation adopted in the text (“tongues spreading out like a fire”) attempts to be somewhat ambiguous.

[2:4]  7 tn Grk “And all.” Because of the difference between Greek style, which often begins sentences or clauses with “and,” and English style, which generally does not, καί (kai) has not been translated here.

[2:4]  8 tn The Greek term is γλώσσαις (glwssai"), the same word used for the tongues of fire.

[2:4]  sn Other languages. Acts 2:6-7 indicates that these were languages understandable to the hearers, a diverse group from “every nation under heaven.”

[2:4]  9 tn Grk “just as the spirit gave them to utter.” The verb ἀποφθέγγομαι (apofqengomai) was used of special utterances in Classical Greek (BDAG 125 s.v.).

[2:5]  10 tn Grk “Jews, devout men.” It is possible that only men are in view here in light of OT commands for Jewish men to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem at various times during the year (cf. Exod 23:17, 34:23; Deut 16:16). However, other evidence seems to indicate that both men and women might be in view. Luke 2:41-52 shows that whole families would make the temporary trip to Jerusalem. In addition, it is probable that the audience consisted of families who had taken up permanent residence in Jerusalem. The verb κατοικέω (katoikew) normally means “reside” or “dwell,” and archaeological evidence from tombs in Jerusalem does indicate that many families immigrated to Jerusalem permanently (see B. Witherington, Acts, 135); this would naturally include women. Also, the word ἀνήρ (ajnhr), which usually does mean “male” or “man” (as opposed to woman), sometimes is used generically to mean “a person” (BDAG 79 s.v. 2; cf. Matt 12:41). Given this evidence, then, it is conceivable that the audience in view here is not individual male pilgrims but a mixed group of men and women.

[2:5]  11 tn Grk “Now there were residing in Jerusalem Jews, devout men from every nation under heaven.”

[2:5]  map For location see Map5-B1; Map6-F3; Map7-E2; Map8-F2; Map10-B3; JP1-F4; JP2-F4; JP3-F4; JP4-F4.

[2:6]  12 tn Or “this noise.”

[2:6]  13 tn Or “was bewildered.”

[2:7]  14 tn Grk “They were astounded and amazed, saying.” The two imperfect verbs, ἐξίσταντο (existanto) and ἐθαύμαζον (eqaumazon), show both the surprise and the confusion on the part of the hearers. The verb ἐξίσταντο (from ἐξίστημι, existhmi) often implies an illogical perception or response (BDAG 350 s.v. ἐξίστημι): “to be so astonished as to almost fail to comprehend what one has experienced” (L&N 25.218).

[2:7]  15 tn Grk “Behold, aren’t all these.” The Greek word ἰδού (idou) at the beginning of this statement has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).

[2:8]  16 tn Grk “we hear them, each one of us.”

[2:8]  17 tn Grk “in our own language in which we were born.”

[2:9]  18 tn Grk “Asia”; in the NT this always refers to the Roman province of Asia, made up of about one-third of the west and southwest end of modern Asia Minor. Asia lay to the west of the region of Phrygia and Galatia. The words “the province of” are supplied to indicate to the modern reader that this does not refer to the continent of Asia.

[2:10]  19 tn According to BDAG 595 s.v. Λιβύη, the western part of Libya, Libya Cyrenaica, is referred to here (see also Josephus, Ant. 16.6.1 [16.160] for a similar phrase).

[2:10]  20 map For location see JP4 A1.

[2:11]  21 sn Proselytes refers to Gentile (i.e., non-Jewish) converts to Judaism.

[2:11]  22 tn Or “God’s mighty works.” Here the genitive τοῦ θεοῦ (tou qeou) has been translated as a subjective genitive.

[2:13]  23 tn The words “the speakers” are not in the Greek text, but have been supplied for clarity. Direct objects were frequently omitted in Greek when clear from the context.

[2:13]  24 tn Grk “They are full of new wine!”

[2:13]  sn New wine refers to a new, sweet wine in the process of fermentation.

[2:14]  25 tn Grk “standing up.” The participle σταθείς (staqei") has been translated as a finite verb due to requirements of contemporary English style.

[2:14]  26 tn Or “You Jewish men.” “Judea” is preferred here because it is paired with “Jerusalem,” a location. This suggests locality rather than ethnic background is the primary emphasis in the context. As for “men,” the Greek term here is ἀνήρ (anhr), which only exceptionally is used in a generic sense of both males and females. In this context, where “all” who live in Jerusalem are addressed, it is conceivable that this is a generic usage, although it can also be argued that Peter’s remarks were addressed primarily to the men present, even if women were there.

[2:14]  27 map For location see Map5 B1; Map6 F3; Map7 E2; Map8 F2; Map10 B3; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[2:14]  28 tn Grk “let this be known to you.” The passive construction has been translated as an active for stylistic reasons.

[2:15]  29 tn Grk “These men are not drunk, as you suppose.”

[2:15]  30 tn Grk “only the third hour.”

[2:16]  31 sn Note how in the quotation that follows all genders, ages, and classes are included. The event is like a hope Moses expressed in Num 11:29.

[2:17]  32 sn The phrase in the last days is not quoted from Joel, but represents Peter’s interpretive explanation of the current events as falling “in the last days.”

[2:17]  33 tn Grk “on all flesh.”

[2:18]  34 tn Grk “slaves.” Although this translation frequently renders δοῦλος (doulos) as “slave,” the connotation is often of one who has sold himself into slavery; in a spiritual sense, the idea is that of becoming a slave of God or of Jesus Christ voluntarily. The voluntary notion is not conspicuous here; hence, the translation “servants.” In any case, the word does not bear the connotation of a free individual serving another. BDAG notes that “‘servant’ for ‘slave’ is largely confined to Biblical transl. and early American times…in normal usage at the present time the two words are carefully distinguished” (BDAG 260 s.v.). The most accurate translation is “bondservant” (sometimes found in the ASV for δοῦλος), in that it often indicates one who sells himself into slavery to another. But as this is archaic, few today understand its force.

[2:18]  35 sn The words and they will prophesy in Acts 2:18 are not quoted from Joel 2:29 at this point but are repeated from earlier in the quotation (Acts 2:17) for emphasis. Tongues speaking is described as prophecy, just like intelligible tongues are described in 1 Cor 14:26-33.

[2:19]  36 tn Or “in the heaven.” The Greek word οὐρανός (ouranos) may be translated “sky” or “heaven” depending on the context. Here, in contrast to “the earth below,” a reference to the sky is more likely.

[2:19]  37 tn Here the context indicates the miraculous nature of the signs mentioned; this is made explicit in the translation.

[2:20]  38 tn Or “and wonderful.”

[2:21]  39 tn Grk “And it will be that.”

[2:21]  40 sn A quotation from Joel 2:28-32.

[2:22]  41 tn Or “Israelite men,” although this is less natural English. The Greek term here is ἀνήρ (anhr), which only exceptionally is used in a generic sense of both males and females. In this context, it is conceivable that this is a generic usage, although it can also be argued that Peter’s remarks were addressed primarily to the men present, even if women were there.

[2:22]  42 tn Or “miraculous deeds.”

[2:22]  43 tn Again, the context indicates the miraculous nature of these signs, and this is specified in the translation.

[2:23]  44 tn Or “you killed.”

[2:23]  45 tn Grk “at the hands of lawless men.” At this point the term ἄνομος (anomo") refers to non-Jews who live outside the Jewish (Mosaic) law, rather than people who broke any or all laws including secular laws. Specifically it is a reference to the Roman soldiers who carried out Jesus’ crucifixion.

[2:24]  46 tn Grk “Whom God raised up.”

[2:24]  47 tn Or “having freed.”

[2:24]  48 sn The term translated pains is frequently used to describe pains associated with giving birth (see Rev 12:2). So there is irony here in the mixed metaphor.

[2:24]  49 tn Or “for him to be held by it” (in either case, “it” refers to death’s power).

[2:25]  50 tn Or “always before me.”

[2:26]  51 tn Grk “my flesh.”

[2:27]  52 tn Or “will not abandon my soul to Hades.” Often “Hades” is the equivalent of the Hebrew term Sheol, the place of the dead.

[2:27]  53 tn Grk “to see,” but the literal translation of the phrase “to see decay” could be misunderstood to mean simply “to look at decay,” while here “see decay” is really figurative for “experience decay.”

[2:28]  54 sn A quotation from Ps 16:8-11.

[2:29]  55 tn Since this represents a continuation of the address beginning in v.14 and continued in v. 22, “brothers” has been used here rather than a generic expression like “brothers and sisters.”

[2:29]  56 sn Peter’s certainty is based on well-known facts.

[2:29]  57 tn Or “about our noted ancestor,” “about the patriarch.”

[2:30]  58 tn The participles ὑπάρχων (Juparcwn) and εἰδώς (eidw") are translated as causal adverbial participles.

[2:30]  59 tn Grk “one from the fruit of his loins.” “Loins” is the traditional translation of ὀσφῦς (osfu"), referring to the male genital organs. A literal rendering like “one who came from his genital organs” would be regarded as too specific and perhaps even vulgar by many contemporary readers. Most modern translations thus render the phrase “one of his descendants.”

[2:30]  60 sn An allusion to Ps 132:11 and 2 Sam 7:12-13, the promise in the Davidic covenant.

[2:31]  61 tn Grk “David foreseeing spoke.” The participle προϊδών (proidwn) is taken as indicating means. It could also be translated as a participle of attendant circumstance: “David foresaw [this] and spoke.” The word “this” is supplied in either case as an understood direct object (direct objects in Greek were often omitted, but must be supplied for the modern English reader).

[2:31]  62 tn Or “the Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[2:31]  sn The term χριστός (cristos) was originally an adjective (“anointed”), developing in LXX into a substantive (“an anointed one”), then developing still further into a technical generic term (“the anointed one”). In the intertestamental period it developed further into a technical term referring to the hoped-for anointed one, that is, a specific individual. In the NT the development starts there (technical-specific), is so used in the gospels, and then develops in Paul’s letters to mean virtually Jesus’ last name.

[2:31]  63 tn Or “abandoned in the world of the dead.” The translation “world of the dead” for Hades is suggested by L&N 1.19. The phrase is an allusion to Ps 16:10.

[2:31]  64 tn Grk “flesh.” See vv. 26b-27. The reference to “body” in this verse picks up the reference to “body” in v. 26. The Greek term σάρξ (sarx) in both verses literally means “flesh”; however, the translation “body” stresses the lack of decay of his physical body. The point of the verse is not merely the lack of decay of his flesh alone, but the resurrection of his entire person, as indicated by the previous parallel line “he was not abandoned to Hades.”

[2:31]  65 tn Grk “see,” but the literal translation of the phrase “see decay” could be misunderstood to mean simply “look at decay,” while here “see decay” is really figurative for “experience decay.”

[2:31]  66 sn An allusion to Ps 16:10.

[2:32]  67 tn Or “of him”; Grk “of which [or whom] we are all witnesses” (Acts 1:8).

[2:33]  68 tn The aorist participle ὑψωθείς (Juywqei") could be taken temporally: “So then, after he was exalted…” In the translation the more neutral “exalted” (a shorter form of “having been exalted”) was used to preserve the ambiguity of the original Greek.

[2:33]  69 sn The expression the right hand of God represents supreme power and authority. Its use here sets up the quotation of Ps 110:1 in v. 34.

[2:33]  70 tn The aorist participle λαβών (labwn) could be taken temporally: “So then, after he was exalted…and received from the Father the promised Holy Spirit.” In the translation the more neutral “having received” was used to preserve the ambiguity of the original Greek.

[2:33]  71 tn Here the genitive τοῦ πνεύματος (tou pneumato") is a genitive of apposition; the promise consists of the Holy Spirit.

[2:33]  72 sn The use of the verb poured out looks back to 2:17-18, where the same verb occurs twice.

[2:34]  73 sn Sit at my right hand. The word “sit” alludes back to the promise of “seating one on his throne” in v. 30.

[2:35]  74 sn The metaphor make your enemies a footstool portrays the complete subjugation of the enemies.

[2:35]  75 sn A quotation from Ps 110:1, one of the most often-cited OT passages in the NT, pointing to the exaltation of Jesus.

[2:36]  76 tn Or “know for certain.” This term is in an emphatic position in the clause.

[2:36]  77 tn Grk “has made him both Lord and Christ, this Jesus whom you crucified.” The clause has been simplified in the translation by replacing the pronoun “him” with the explanatory clause “this Jesus whom you crucified” which comes at the end of the sentence.

[2:36]  78 sn Lord. This looks back to the quotation of Ps 110:1 and the mention of “calling on the Lord” in 2:21. Peter’s point is that the Lord on whom one calls for salvation is Jesus, because he is the one mediating God’s blessing of the Spirit as a sign of the presence of salvation and the last days.

[2:36]  79 tn Or “and Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[2:36]  sn See the note on Christ in 2:31.

[2:37]  80 tn The word “this” is not in the Greek text. Direct objects were often omitted in Greek, but must be supplied for the modern English reader.

[2:37]  81 tn Grk “they were pierced to the heart” (an idiom for acute emotional distress).

[2:38]  82 tn The verb is a third person imperative, but the common translation “let each of you be baptized” obscures the imperative force in English, since it sounds more like a permissive (“each of you may be baptized”) to the average English reader.

[2:38]  83 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”

[2:38]  sn In the name of Jesus Christ. Baptism in Messiah Jesus’ name shows how much authority he possesses.

[2:38]  84 tn There is debate over the meaning of εἰς in the prepositional phrase εἰς ἄφεσιν τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ὑμῶν (eis afesin twn Jamartiwn Jumwn, “for/because of/with reference to the forgiveness of your sins”). Although a causal sense has been argued, it is difficult to maintain here. ExSyn 369-71 discusses at least four other ways of dealing with the passage: (1) The baptism referred to here is physical only, and εἰς has the meaning of “for” or “unto.” Such a view suggests that salvation is based on works – an idea that runs counter to the theology of Acts, namely: (a) repentance often precedes baptism (cf. Acts 3:19; 26:20), and (b) salvation is entirely a gift of God, not procured via water baptism (Acts 10:43 [cf. v. 47]; 13:38-39, 48; 15:11; 16:30-31; 20:21; 26:18); (2) The baptism referred to here is spiritual only. Although such a view fits well with the theology of Acts, it does not fit well with the obvious meaning of “baptism” in Acts – especially in this text (cf. 2:41); (3) The text should be repunctuated in light of the shift from second person plural to third person singular back to second person plural again. The idea then would be, “Repent for/with reference to your sins, and let each one of you be baptized…” Such a view is an acceptable way of handling εἰς, but its subtlety and awkwardness count against it; (4) Finally, it is possible that to a first-century Jewish audience (as well as to Peter), the idea of baptism might incorporate both the spiritual reality and the physical symbol. That Peter connects both closely in his thinking is clear from other passages such as Acts 10:47 and 11:15-16. If this interpretation is correct, then Acts 2:38 is saying very little about the specific theological relationship between the symbol and the reality, only that historically they were viewed together. One must look in other places for a theological analysis. For further discussion see R. N. Longenecker, “Acts,” EBC 9:283-85; B. Witherington, Acts, 154-55; F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary, 129-30; BDAG 290 s.v. εἰς 4.f.

[2:38]  85 tn Here the genitive τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος (tou Jagiou pneumato") is a genitive of apposition; the gift consists of the Holy Spirit.

[2:39]  86 sn The promise refers to the promise of the Holy Spirit that Jesus received from the Father in 2:33 and which he now pours out on others. The promise consists of the Holy Spirit (see note in 2:33). Jesus is the active mediator of God’s blessing.

[2:40]  87 tn Or “warned.”

[2:40]  88 tn Or “crooked” (in a moral or ethical sense). See Luke 3:5.

[2:41]  89 tn Or “who acknowledged the truth of.”

[2:41]  90 tn Grk “word.”

[2:41]  91 tn Grk “souls” (here an idiom for the whole person).

[2:41]  92 tn Or “were won over.”

[2:42]  93 sn Fellowship refers here to close association involving mutual involvement and relationships.

[2:42]  94 tn Grk “prayers.” This word was translated as a collective singular in keeping with English style.

[2:43]  95 tn Or “Fear.”

[2:43]  96 tn Grk “on every soul” (here “soul” is an idiom for the whole person).

[2:43]  97 tn In this context the miraculous nature of these signs is implied. Cf. BDAG 920 s.v. σημεῖον 2.a.

[2:44]  98 tn Grk “had.”

[2:45]  99 tn The imperfect verb has been translated as an ingressive (“began…”). Since in context this is a description of the beginning of the community of believers, it is more likely that these statements refer to the start of various activities and practices that the early church continued for some time.

[2:45]  100 tn It is possible that the first term for property (κτήματα, kthmata) refers to real estate (as later usage seems to indicate) while the second term (ὑπάρξεις, Juparxeis) refers to possessions in general, but it may also be that the two terms are used together for emphasis, simply indicating that all kinds of possessions were being sold. However, if the first term is more specifically a reference to real estate, it foreshadows the incident with Ananias and Sapphira in Acts 5:1-11.

[2:45]  101 tn Grk “distributing them” (αὐτά, auta). The referent (the proceeds of the sales) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[2:46]  102 tn BDAG 437 s.v. ἡμέρα 2.c has “every day” for this phrase.

[2:46]  103 tn Grk “in the temple.” This is actually a reference to the courts surrounding the temple proper, and has been translated accordingly.

[2:46]  104 tn Here κατά (kata) is used as a distributive (BDAG 512 s.v. B.1.d).

[2:46]  105 sn The term glad (Grk “gladness”) often refers to joy brought about by God’s saving acts (Luke 1:14, 44; also the related verb in 1:47; 10:21).

[2:46]  106 tn Grk “with gladness and humbleness of hearts.” It is best to understand καρδίας (kardias) as an attributed genitive, with the two nouns it modifies actually listing attributes of the genitive noun which is related to them.

[2:47]  107 tn Or “the favor.”

[2:47]  108 tn BDAG 437 s.v. ἡμέρα 2.c has “every day” for this phrase.

Page 3

•  The Descent of the Spirit (Kisah Para Rasul 2:1-13)
•  The Preaching of the Apostles (Kisah Para Rasul 2:14)
•  The Pentecostal Sermon (Kisah Para Rasul 2:14-41)
•  The Descent into Hades (Matius 12:40; Kisah Para Rasul 2:24;2:27;2:31; Wahyu 1:18)
•  The Community of the Believers (Kisah Para Rasul 2:42-47;4:32-37)